What is Gynaecological Cancers?

Gynecologic cancers refer to cancers that start in a woman’s reproductive organs. The main types include cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine (endometrial) cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulval cancer. Each of these cancers has distinct characteristics, symptoms, and treatment approaches.

Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is often caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV).

Symptoms:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause)
• Unusual vaginal discharge (which may be watery, pink, or foul-smelling)
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse

Diagnosis:

• Pap Smear: Detects precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix.
• HPV Testing: Identifies high-risk HPV infections.
• Colposcopy: A detailed examination of the cervix using a magnifying instrument.
• Biopsy: A sample of cervical tissue is taken for histopathological examination.

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer originates in the ovaries, the reproductive glands that produce eggs. It is often diagnosed at a later stage due to non-specific symptoms.

Symptoms

• Abdominal bloating or swelling
• Pelvic pain or discomfort
• Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
• Urinary symptoms (urgency or frequency)
• Fatigue, back pain, and changes in bowel habits

Diagnosis:

• Pelvic Examination: Initial physical exam.
• Transvaginal Ultrasound: Imaging to detect ovarian masses.
• CA-125 Blood Test: Measures levels of a protein that can be elevated in ovarian cancer.
• CT Scan or MRI: Detailed imaging to assess the extent of the disease.
• Biopsy: Typically done during surgery, as a definitive diagnosis is often made post-surgically.

Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer

Uterine cancer begins in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. It is the most common gynecologic cancer, often diagnosed at an early stage due to the presence of symptoms.

Symptoms:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially postmenopausal bleeding)
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Unusual vaginal discharge
• Weight loss (in advanced cases)

Diagnosis:

• Endometrial Biopsy
• Transvaginal Ultrasound
• Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
• Hysteroscopy

Vaginal Cancer

Vaginal cancer is rare and typically affects the upper portion of the vagina. It can be primary or secondary, with the latter being more common as metastasis from another site.

Symptoms:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after intercourse)
• Vaginal discharge that is watery or bloody
• A mass or lump in the vagina
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
• Frequent urination or constipation (if the tumor presses on nearby organs)

Diagnosis:

• Pelvic Examination
• Pap Test
• Colposcopy
• Biopsy

Vulval Cancer

Vulvar cancer starts in the external genitalia, including the labia and clitoris. It is also relatively rare and often associated with HPV infection.

Symptoms:

• Persistent itching or burning in the vulvar area
• Pain or tenderness in the vulva
• A lump, ulcer, or sore that does not heal
• Changes in the color or thickness of the vulvar skin
• Bleeding or discharge not related to menstruation

Diagnosis:

• Pelvic Examination
• Biopsy
• Imaging Studies

Summary

Gynecologic cancers encompass a wide range of malignancies, each with distinct symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatment approaches. Early detection through regular screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV testing, is crucial, particularly for cervical cancer. Treatment typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, tailored to the specific type and stage of cancer. Advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy are offering new hope for patients with advanced or recurrent gynecologic cancers.